Abstract

Pressure sensors are subjected to continuous force and stress that may affect the operation of the sensor in the long run. Reliability is a crucial factor that must be considered when designing and fabricating any sensor. It is essential to test the material used in the sensor to assess the reliability of the complete product. In this work, we report the long-term reliability of a flexible pressure sensor mat using a carbon-impregnated polymer, velostat, which is a flexible, light, and thin polymer composite material with piezoresistive properties. We focus on the analysis of the performance of a flexible pressure sensor array under long-term and repeated loading. Tests were performed every fortnight for 210 days. We have observed that the material characteristics of the velostat material change on repeated application of pressure up to a certain time frame. For a given loading, once the material settles, the change in resistance of the material becomes consistent for a given application of pressure. We have also analyzed the changes in the parameters associated with the 2-parameter model, and have analyzed the effect of crosstalk on the sensor matrix for different pitch lengths to select the best pitch that will give us the minimum crosstalk. We have observed that the error rate of the sensor pixels decreased by 53 percentage points in 210 days. The results obtained from the experimental tests for reliability reveal a practical possibility of implementing velostat-based pressure sensors in wearable and healthcare devices and provide steps to take while calibrating an as-fabricated velostat-based sensor.

Abstract

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Abstract

Biomimetic technologies are an important part of the soft robotics research area because of their ability to replicate naturally occurring structures. Researchers have been developing and improving many such technologies ranging from prosthetics to artificial skin. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of an artificial muscle flapping wing using dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). The actuator was fabricated using a urethane acrylate polymer elastomer with carbon nanotube (CNT) based electrodes. The 40 mm × 20 mm rectangular actuator was powered through two electrodes at the top. It was subjected to different voltages in the range of 500 - 2500 V and the displacement of the bottom edge was observed. We report the actuator edge displacement to be 20 mm, i.e., 0.5 body lengths (BL) at static 2.5 kV. The dynamic behavior of the device was also analyzed by actuating it with a square wave of various frequencies (0 to 10 Hz). We report the resonant frequency of the actuator to be 4 Hz, with a sub-harmonic at 2 Hz

Abstract

Digital multimedia tools are becoming increasingly important as the world slowly shifts to an online mode. In this work, we present a low-cost, flexible writing pad that uses a 16×16 pressure sensing matrix based on the piezoresistive thin film of velostat. The writing area is 5 cm×5 cm with an effective pixel area of 0.06 mm2. A read out circuit is designed to detect the change in resistance of the velostat pixel using a voltage divider. A microprocessor raster scans through the sensor pixel matrix to obtain a data frame of 256 integers. This data is processed using techniques like squaring and normalising (S&N), Gaussian blurring, and adaptive thresholding to generate a more readable output. The writing pad is able to resolve characters larger than 2 cm in length. The flexible writing pad produces legible output while flexed at bending radius of upto 4 cm. Such flexibility promises to enhance the usability and portability of the writing pad significantly.

Abstract

Plantar pressure or foot pressure analysis is a predominant tool for biomedical assessment of posture, gait, and other activities. The distribution and magnitude of pressure can provide fruitful information to diagnose or predict any risk of foot disorders or impairments. This paper presents the design and fabrication of a low-cost, flexible pressure sensor (FLEPS) mat for assessing plantar pressure variations. We have designed a 32× 32 velostat-based piezoresistive pressure sensor array with dimensions of 330 mm × 330 mm and an active sensing area of 284 mm × 284 mm. Each sensor pixel is of size 5 mm × 5 mm with a pitch of 4 mm. To enhance the resolution and the visual quality of the heat map obtained, we have used different interpolation techniques like the nearest neighbor, bilinear, and bicubic for the received data and transformed the 32× 32 array to a 100× 100-pixel array. It was observed that the bicubic interpolation technique gives a better image quality but takes more computation time than the other two interpolation techniques.

Abstract

Micropumps are one of the most widely used components in lab-on-a-chip devices and other biomedical applications as they can manipulate fluid flow in a very small footprint. In this study, a flexible nozzle-diffuser planar micropump was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The pump was fabricated using a two layer structure: bottom layer with molded channels and chamber encapsulated by a planar top layer. The use of PDMS as the structural material for both layers imparts flexibility and transparency to the complete pump assembly. The micropump was characterized by counting the number of compression cycles required for a known volume of fluid, here water, to flow from the inlet to the outlet. A similar characterization was performed while bending the pump at bending radii of 71 cm and 45 cm. The pump produced a flow rate per compression cycle of 5.53 μ1 on flat surface and that of 4μ1,3.6μ1 when placed on surfaces of bending radii of 71cm and 45 cm respectively. The transparency of the pump and biocompatability of PDMS make it an excellent material for biomedical and colorimetric applications.

Abstract

Classification of a motorcycle's driving events can provide deep insights to detect issues related to driver safety. In order to perform the above, we developed a hardware system with 3-D accelerometer/gyroscope sensors that can be deployed on a motorcycle. The data obtained from these sensors is used to identify various driving events. We firstly investigated several machine learning (ML) models to classify driving events. However, in this process, we identified that though the overall accuracy of these traditional ML models is decent enough, the class-wise accuracy of these models is poor. Hence, we have developed time-series-based classification algorithms using LSTM and Bi-LSTM to classify various driving events. The experiments conducted have demonstrated that the proposed models have surpassed the state-of-the-art models in the context of driving event recognition with better class-wise accuracies …

Abstract

SS02. 00002: Single and double touch mode capacitive pressure/force sensing technique and approach*

Abstract

PP10. 00010: Structural engineering methods to combine the diaphragm and cantilevers for flexible capacitive pressure sensor*

Abstract

The scalability of remote Internet of Things (IoT) deployments into verticals of smart cities relies primarily on the communication protocols and data platforms employed. Accordingly, the adoption of LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, etc. has risen in recent years. These protocols have been created to cater to the low power and long range requirements of IoT. In this paper, we evaluate one such protocol, Wi-SUN (Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Network), that additionally offers excellent redundancy owing to its use of a mesh topology. Wi-SUN is based on the IEEE 802.15.4g standard and uses license-free sub-GHz bands. However, IoT networks using any communication protocol require a knowledge of signal propagation and attenuation in real-world scenarios. Thus, we evaluated the path loss of Wi- SUN transmissions by analysing the RSSI values inside a typical city building and an urban outdoor habitat. Keywords—Path Loss,