Abstract

—This paper introduces an internet-of-things (IoT) based economic retrofitting setup for digitising the analog water meters to make them smart. The setup contains a Raspberry-Pi microcontroller and a Pi-camera mounted on top of the analog water meter to take its images. The captured images are then preprocessed to estimate readings using a machine learning (ML) model. The employed ML algorithm is trained on a rich dataset that includes digits from the images of water meters captured by the hardware setup for ten days. The readings are posted on a cloud server in real-time using Raspberry-Pi. High temporal resolution plots of flow rate and volume are generated to derive inferences. The collected data can be used for deriving water consumption patterns and fault detection for efficient water management.

Abstract

For understanding an environmental variable in a given geographical space, finding the optimal number of nodes is a tedious task. For this purpose, a framework is proposed in this paper based on hierarchical agglomerative clustering along with geographical distance based cluster representation. The proposed framework helps remove the redundant nodes in a practical IoT network by choosing the optimal nodes based on the target reconstruction error in the spatially interpolated map. The approach is employed on the data collected by an IoT network of ten particulate matter (PM) nodes on the campus of IIIT Hyderabad, India. The performance of the proposed approach is also compared with that of the brute force approach, which provides the lower bound on the reconstruction error. The results show that the proposed approach performs very closely to the brute force approach in terms of the reconstruction error with much fewer computations.

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Abstract

Rural areas are often neglected while deploying newer mobile technologies. Hence, these place are digitally disconnected from the world. To overcome this challenge, 5G network slicing supporting multi-tenancy, also known as neutral host network, is studied to improve rural connectivity. The infrastructure provider (InP) deploys the rural 5G network and mobile network operators (MNOs) lease the slices from InP to serve their end-users. This aims to study the value network configuration (VNC) for the 5G network slicing architecture to understand the possible business model. As a result, three configurations are defined driven by micro-operator, MNO and community end-users respectively. The business models are constructed using SWOT analysis and business canvas models. The revenue streams for the proposed rural network are analyzed.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose spectrum sensing schemes for a secondary user (SU) with multiple antennas to detect a primary user (PU) transmission in a cognitive mmWave network. The channel model considered at mmWave carrier frequencies is the clustered Rician fading channel, which has few multipaths. For the considered scenario, we propose three beamformed energy detection (BFED) schemes where beamforming is done in the dominant direction of arrival (DoA) at the SU and then energy detection (ED) is applied. The three schemes differ in the amount of information assumed about the DoAs at the SU. The performance of these schemes has been compared with the traditional ED and maximal ratio combining (MRC) schemes for multiantenna systems. It is shown through simulations that the proposed BFED approaches provide significant performance gains over the ED and negligible loss as compared to the MRC, which makes an impractical assumption of the channel between the PU and the SU to be exactly known.

Abstract

This paper proposes the use of copula theory for cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based primary user (PU). A distributed detection model is assumed where secondary users (SUs) employ autocorrelation detectors (ADs) for the detection of a PU. In the presence of a PU, it is assumed that the observations across different SUs and subsequently the decision statistics are dependent. For the fusion of these dependent statistics, different copulas such as -copula, Gaussian, Clayton and Gumbel are employed. In the presence of dependence among decision statistics, significant improvement in detection performance is observed while using copula theory instead of the traditional assumption of independence. Simulation results are presented to show the superiority of copula-based spectrum sensing.

Abstract

Cross-tier interference management is one of the major challenges in heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets). Though the network throughput increases due to a better area spectral efficiency of a HetNet, there is possibility that high interference will make few link capacities close to zero when users regard interference as noise (IAN). In this letter, successive interference cancellation (SIC) is used to cancel the cross-tier interference in a reverse time division duplexing (RTDD) scheme. We demonstrate that by opportunistic use of SIC, a minimum guarantee on the sum link capacity can be ensured for an RTDD HetNet. This minimum sum link capacity is later on proved to be the maximum that can be achieved by orthogonal resource allocation schemes. Through system-level simulations for random allocation, it is shown that the proposed scheme is better than using SIC and IAN alone. To further improve the overall system capacity, an optimization problem for selecting co-channel users is formulated, and the Hungarian algorithm is employed to solve it.

Abstract

Reducing the amount of wireless data transmissions in constrainedbattery-powered sensor nodes is an effective way of prolongingtheir lifetime. In this paper, we present a machine learning-baseddata transmission reduction scheme for application-specific IoTnetworks. Though many error thresholding-based data predictionschemes have been explored in the past, this is the first work toincorporate machine learning in constrained sensor nodes to reducedata transmissions. We also provide a generic overview and com-parison of five traditional supervised machine learning algorithmsin the context of offloading trained models to memory and computa-tionally constrained microcontrollers. The proposed data reductionscheme is validated on an occupancy estimation testbed deployed inour lab. Experimental results demonstrate 99.91% overall reductionin data transmissions while imparting similar performance and 18to 82 times lesser transmissions than Shewhart change detectionalgorithm.

Abstract

This paper analyzes the performance of low earth orbit (LEO) satellites based internet-of-things (IoT) network where each IoT node makes use of multiple satellites to communicate with the ground station (GS). In this work, we consider fixed and variable gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocol at each satellite where the received signal from each IoT node is amplified before transmitting to the terrestrial GS for data processing. To analyze the performance of this novel LEO satellites based direct access architecture, the closed-form expressions for outage probability are derived considering two combining schemes at the GS:(i) selection combining;(ii) maximal ratio combining. Further, to gain more insights for diversity order and coding gain, asymptotic outage probability analysis at high SNR for both schemes is also performed. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the analytical results derived and also to develop several interesting insights into the system performance.