Abstract
Our need for a waste-derived bioeconomy culminates from multiple areas of concern. These include, firstly, the well-documented non-renewability of our principal sources of energy and industrially important chemicals, i.e., petroleum-based products, and their effects on the environment and climate change [1]. Secondly, the drastic increase in waste production (50 million dry tons in the US alone in 2017) and unsustainable disposal strategies, such as landfilling or incineration [2]. Thirdly, to meet the increased demand for alternative renewable products and chemicals, it is important to develop sustainable methods and processes [3]. Taking a waste-to-treasure approach towards producing environmentally benign solutions can be sustainable only if an economy is modeled around it, with the potential to create a green world and solve problems, such as food security. Several types of organic waste that can be used as renewable feedstock include food waste, agricultural, forestry, and animal waste, and sludges [4]. The conversion of different kinds of biomass to produce energy has been known for a long time, but the biochemical conversion of waste for this purpose has gained importance in the last century [5,6]. Typically, wastes are categorized